ChatGPT and Refugee’s Health: Innovative Solutions for Changing the Game

Refugees, people who were forced to flee their residence due to conflict and persecution, have grown in number significantly in recent years, specifically in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). According to the United Nations’ (UN) High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) at mid 2023, 110 million people have been displaced worldwide, an increase of more than 19 million people compared to the end of 2021; the largest increase in years based on UNHCR’s figures [1].

Refugees face numerous challenges that can have serious impact on their physical and mental health [2]. Despite various international initiatives to assist refugees, i.e., different volunteering resettlement programs and facilities and helps provided by the UN agencies and other organizations, the global refugee crisis has been intensifying in recent years [3]. Hence the crucial need to adapt the application of innovative solutions and programs to respond to refugees’ needs, now more than ever [4]. Among new developments in this field, Germany for instance developed a self-help chatbots for Syrian refugees with posttraumatic stress symptoms [5].

Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, i.e., ChatGPT present a cutting edge facility in providing efficient and personalized support. ChatGPT is an advanced neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) technology that utilizes the Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3, 3.5 or 4 model. Utilization of ChatGPT and its role in the future of academia, research and healthcare have been hot topics in many publications recently. Table 1 presents some examples of how ChatGPT can change the game for refugee’s support [6]:

Table 1. Various applications of ChatGPT in refugee’s health (Until 2024, Worldwide).

Given its significant potential as a life changer act for refugees, meaningful application of ChatGPT requires addressing few limitations:

First, ChatGPT may not understand the diverse background culture of refugees and their specific needs, which could result in ineffective answers and misunderstandings. Therefore, employing strategies for finetuning ChatGPT is necessary to better serve refugees. These strategies include cultural sensitivity training and integration of context-specific knowledge bases. Transfer learning and supervised fine-tuning could facilitate this process.

Second, the availability of ChatGPT to refugees might be limited due to the high cost of internet in low socioeconomic refugee groups. Additionally, the lack of devices and technology literacy may hinder refugees e to employ Chat GPT appropriately. To address this challenge, a low-bandwidth version of ChatGPT application using voice-based interfaces for users with limited literacy or digital skills, and strategies for distributing low-cost or refurbished devices need to be considered [14].

Lastly, since mental health support requires specific understanding of applicants’ condition. Therefore, ChatGPT may not be able to provide the required level of mental health support for refugees. To overcome this condition, the use of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) technique can ensure the generation of coherent responses that are factually accurate and contextually relevant. The RAG technique (Figure 1) combines the power of language models like ChatGPT with external knowledge retrieval, which enhances the model’s ability to produce contextually relevant information [15, 16].

Figure 1. The information flow in a Large Language Model (LLM) by adding Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) (Until 2024, Worldwide).

Another suggestion for enhancing this technology performance is to integrate ChatGPT with refugee support services through Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). This process helps ChatGPT access information from various sources in real-time, for instance using data from social media platforms can enhance the systems understanding of refugees’ perspectives and experiences. Furthermore, to ensure their privacy, blockchain technology can be employed for refugees. Such integration could help them use this chatbot for legal processes.

While utilizing this technology for refugees, it is important to address its potential risks and safety concerns. Data confidentiality and privacy issues are of particular concern, to avoid refugees’ mistrust due to a risk of data leakage. In addition, beyond promises to adhere to open AI’s published privacy policy [17], appropriate safety measures would need to be in place to prevent probable mistakes. Another safety concern for refugees is the lack of empathy, which might lead to misunderstandings, especially in cases with limited literacy. Literature demonstrates risk for generating incorrect, biased or invalid results in ChatGPT [18, 19], which may lead to misguides in refugees. Hence, the crucial need to employ mechanisms to further validate the AI generated results. For instance, pre training datasets with refugees’ specific needs and experiences could increase generated answer’s reliability. Moreover, implementing a framework designed for feedback and improvement, e.g., through reviews from human experts, could enhance the validity of ChatGPT for refugees. Employing processes for Realtime intervention in case of incorrect answer detection, as well as transparency regarding ChatGPT limitations and its potential invalid answers and advising refugees for further human verification, are among mechanisms to build up trust in this technology.

ChatGPT is a potentially valuable AI tool for providing various supports, i.e., healthcare to refugees. However, to achieve impactful changes, it is essential to acknowledge its limitations and supplement the technology with alternative tools.

Author Contributions

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.

Funding

The authors declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest.

References